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Update: 15 November 2024

Stress, Distress, Trauma

Author: Julie Casper, C. Ac.

There negative and positive forms of "stress." Sadly, each of us will experience some brand of trauma as well. Medical labels include, PTSD, ACEs,¹ PICS² even loneliness. The memory of a traumatic event doesn't go away. However, it is possible to heal the emotional impact.

Contents

1. Danger, or Opportunity?
2. Stress and Distress
   • Triphasic Response to Stress
   • Distress Compromises Reasoned Thought
   • Toxic Stress Damages Brain Architecture and Development
3. The Biological Stress Response
   • The Five Stages of Stress
   • Cellular Behavior - Growth or Protection
4. Loneliness is Stressful
5. Exhaustion Seeks Energy
6. Working to Hard?
7. Enjoying the Benefit of Eustress, Avoiding the Harm of Distress
8. Subliminal Stress Response
9. Using hTMA to Assess Biochemical Status and Progress
   • hTMA Lab Report Interpretation
10. Multi-level Stress Management for Recovery
11. Conclusion
12. Resources
13. References

Danger, or Opportunity?

In the 1930s, endocrinologist Hans Selye (the father of stress research) coined the term "stress." Initially stress was the terminology researchers used to identify the physiological responses to stressors as observed in lab animals. In Selye's description, stress refers to the reaction and adaptation of any organism to a perceived threat. At the cellular-level, stress is fundamental to life because it motivates action and behavior.

Selye also recognized that not all stress is necessarily ‘bad.’ He described this distinction as "eustress" verses "distress." Some types of stress can be motivating and positive. Distress, however, is destructive to health. Prolonged distress results in psychological dysfunction and physical deterioration.

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Stress and Distress

Effective stress management requires a multi-level approach. This may include nutritional support, physical exercise, psychological approaches, and behavior modification. Replacing fear with hope, choosing positive thoughts over negative thoughts, and having meaningful work are important also. But without supplying your body with the proper nutrition needed to support the biological stress response, it can be very difficult to implement these strategies.

The basic principles of the stress response at the cellular level also apply on a macro level to the behavior of an individual, and even to society at large.

Triphasic Response to Stress

All life forms have a triphasic (3-phase) response to chronic stress;

1. Resistance. At first it is difficult (resistance phase of stress).
2. Adaptation. Then you get used to it (adaptation phase of stress).
3. Exhaustion. Finally, you can't manage it (exhaustion phase of stress).

The exhaustion phase of stress is like being out in the cold for too long, or holding a heavy weight for too long, or living with someone who is abusive, or, in the case of a society, living in a dictatorship or a culture where only a few at the top can thrive.

The persistent demands of modern 24/7 culture can lead to exhaustion also. Everyday complexity is a constant challenge. We have to deal with our electronic devices, perhaps the legal system, the tax code, financial issues, etc. Managing daily life is stressful itself. In spite of our excessive material wealth, we are encouraged to acquire more. Modern culture is asking too much of us, more than is humanely possible. Too many burdens (possessions) too many buttons, too many technically complex experiences. And, despite all of the promises of technological progress and possessions — we are not happier.

Because we are all unique individuals, there are many different kinds of symptoms and diseases, or "specific" reactions that might be expressed when exposed to various stressors. What is interesting, is that our biochemical adaptive reactions to different types of stressors are actually quite similar (non-specific). In other words, no matter what type of stressor demand, physiologically we respond in only one of two ways;

1. Fight. Resisting or fighting.
2. Flight. Running away or putting up with it.

However, you cannot run away from toxins that have entered the body, and you cannot fight ever-present EMF/RF exposure. So, our biology has only two options;

1. Biochemically destroy and/or excrete the toxins.
2. Avoid, and learn to coexist.

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Distress Compromises Reasoned Thought

People under extreme stress often do poorly with decision-making that involves complexity or reasoning. When the body's nervous system is in a sympathetic state (fight of flight), physiology adjusts accordingly to address the immediate threat. For example, the digestion system redirects its energy to other physical systems that are managing the threat, so digestion is compromised. Neurologically we respond with simple and quick reactionary functioning, which can override or otherwise compromise more complex higher-level reasoning.

• Evidence that chronically elevated stress shrinks your brain. This is your brain on stress.

Toxic Stress Damages Brain Architecture and Development

The images above depict the structure of neurons in the areas of the brain most important for successful learning and behavior — the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. The neuron which has been subjected to toxic stress, clearly displays underdeveloped neural connections, resulting in weaker brain architecture. Scientists now understand that chronic stress can be harmful to the brain development. While positive stress is an important, and necessary, aspect of healthy development, toxic stress results in chronic activation of the body's stress management system.

Source: Harvard University - Center on the Developing Child Back to Top

The Biological Stress Response

To understand how to manage stress, it is important to understand how your cells respond to stress. Stress is a common term which refers to the consequences of the failure of a human or animal body to respond appropriately to emotional or physical threats to the organism, whether actual or imagined. Subjective stress, or perceived stress, can have a profound effect on our response to it, and thus a profound effect on our immune system (Thornton, 2006). Biological stress, as defined by Selye, includes a state of alarm and adrenaline production which transforms into the resistance stage as a coping mechanism. What should follow the resistance stage of stress is the stage of recovery.

If one is unable to recover due to constant exposure to stressors, or due to inadequate cellular response, one adapts to a stage of stress that may result in chronic disease conditions of all kinds. This is referred to at the general adaptation syndrome (G.A.S.). This means that your body has, at least temporarily, ‘learned to live with it.’ At some point on this path, one moves into the exhaustion stage of stress. This refers to the inability of a human or animal body to respond. If you cannot recover from the exhaustion stage, the result is death.

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It's not the stress that kills us, it is our reaction to it. Hans Selye

The Five Stages of Stress

1. The alarm stage.
2. The resistance stage.
3. The recovery stage.
4. The adaptation stage.
5. The exhaustion stage.

Hans Selye called stress "the spice of life," and defined it as the "nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it." These demands can be caused by pleasure, challenge or fulfillment as well as frustration, anger or resentment. The body's response to stress has multiple stages (Watts, 1990). When stress is prolonged or the body is unable to recover, one can move into pathological stages of stress (see stages 4 and 5 below).

1. The alarm stage (fight or flight)

The first stage of stress is the alarm reaction. This is the body's defense mechanism. To overcome the stressor, the body requires an increase in energy output. This is generated by increasing the activity of the thyroid and adrenal glands. A sympathetic neuroendocrine response occurs that produces an increase in the production of the adrenal mineral-corticoid aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This produces an increase in sodium and water retention. This is indicative of an inflammatory process, and when prolonged can result in gastritis, diverticulitis, colitis, sinusitis, arthritis, etc. Extended cellular stress response at this stage can result in any of these inflammatory illnesses.

During the alarm stage there is an increase in; stress hormones, heart rate, blood vessel narrowing, blood pressure, blood sugar levels blood lipid (fat) levels, cholesterol levels (LDL), clotting factors, bone loss, protein breakdown of muscle and connective tissue, insulin resistance, feelings of stress, fear, anxiety and depression. The alarm stage also includes a DECREASE in; short term memory, ability to concentrate and learn new material, serotonin levels, cellular immunity and body building growth hormones. The alarm reaction increases the cellular demand for vitamins C, D, E, B1, B6 and B12, and for the minerals calcium, copper, cobalt, sodium, selenium and zinc. These responses can become pathological if the person does not have the nutrients needed for managing the response or if they cannot progress beyond the alarm stage.

The positive side of the alarm stage is it increases reflexes and mental focus and sends blood to the extremities. This provides the needed response mechanism to react to stressors, good or bad.

2. The resistance stage (breakdown or repair)

The second stage of stress, resistance, consists of continued sympathetic stimulation. The body is attempting to maintain homeostasis in the presence of the stressor which initiated the alarm reaction. Anti-inflammatory hormones (cortisol), are secreted in order to control the inflammation. Because cortisol produces tissue breakdown (catabolism) and raises blood sugar, it is therefore referred to as a glucocorticoid hormone. If a person cannot progress through the resistance stage, then catabolism becomes dominant, resulting in chronic debilitating diseases (shock, ulcers, immune dysfunction, fluctuating energy levels, etc.).

The resistance reaction increases the cellular demand for vitamins C, A, B1, B2, B3, B5 and B6, and for the minerals potassium, zinc, manganese, iron and magnesium.

3. The recovery stage (back to normal)

As the stress is brought under control, increased stimulation of the sympathetic neuroendocrine system abates, tissue repair takes place, and normal function returns (recovery stage). In this neuroendocrine state, digestion, metabolism and cellular repair functions return. Rest, growth, calm mental activity and learning returns to their normal healthy levels.

For recovery to ensue metabolically, there is a nutritional need for adequate amounts of vitamins C, D, E, B1, B6, B12 and folic acid and for the minerals calcium, magnesium, copper, cobalt and selenium. At this time, mineral levels and ratios, specifically the sodium/potassium ratio, return to a normal healthy balance.

The biological interactions of the nutrients discussed above in the three normal stages of the stress response are critically important for achieving a healthy stress recovery response. This is further explained in the article: Nutrient Interrelationships, Minerals—Vitamins—Endocrines

4. The adaptation stage (diseases of adaptation)

If the body does not proceed through to the recovery stage, the distress becomes chronic. This results in chronic deterioration and debilitating diseases, what Seyle termed the "diseases of adaptation." In this stage the body does not recover or exhaust, but adapts to a stage of stress that may result in chronic disease conditions.

Signs of chronic distress include:

• Lowered energy levels.
• Lowered self-esteem (or self-worth).
• Change in sleep patterns, that is, insomnia or broken sleep or excessive sleeping.
• Changes in appetite or weight.
• Less ability to control emotions such as pessimism, anger, guilt, irritability and anxiety.
• Reduced capacity to experience pleasure: you can't enjoy what's happening now, nor look forward to anything with pleasure. Hobbies and interests drop off, relationships are strained and interaction avoided.
• Reduced pain tolerance: you are less able to tolerate aches and pains and may have a host of new ailments.
• Changed sex drive: absent or reduced.
• Poor concentration and memory: some people are so impaired that they think and feel that they are becoming psychologically deranged.
• Reduced motivation: it doesn't seem worth the effort to do anything, things seem meaningless.

5. The exhaustion stage ("burnout")

The exhaustion stage occurs when the body ultimately becomes exhausted due to an inability to recover from continued, chronic, diseases of adaptation or due to maladaptation. As distress continues, essential nutrients become depleted, resulting in exhaustion of the thyroid and adrenal glands. The debilitating effects of chronic distress are caused by the overuse of biological response systems whose original function is to address only acute threats on a short-term basis.

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Loneliness is Stressful

Excerpt: How Loneliness Begets Loneliness by Olga Khazan

A lack of social connections can spark inflammation and changes in the immune system, so lonely people are far more likely to die prematurely. Loneliness is more dangerous than obesity, and about as deadly as smoking. The threat is considered so serious that England has created the Campaign to End Loneliness. The loneliest among us are set up to get lonelier still. People with few social connections experience brain changes that cause them to be more likely to view human faces as threatening, making it harder for them to bond with others.

Loneliness means feeling isolated (in spite of the fact that human population growth is unprecedented). There are many factors contributing to the statistical growth in feeling isolated. Technology certainly plays a role. A sense of isolation can be frightening. Prisons use isolation as severe punishment. And fear has always been an effective tool for managing populations.

Related

• All the Lonely People, Where Do They All Come From?
• Aloneness Beyond Loneliness J. Krishnamurti

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Exhaustion Seeks Energy

During trauma and periods of stress, the sympathetic nervous system remains highly activated. This leads to fatigue of the body and many of its systems, most notably the adrenal.

In the exhaustion stage of stress, because adrenal and thyroid activity is diminished, there is a constant seeking out of external energy sources (alcohol, sugar, coffee, nicotine and other chemical stimulants including pharmaceutical and ‘street’ drugs, exciting activities, extreme emotional responses, etc.). Cholesterol levels often rise, toxic metals accumulate in the body, and many chronic diseases manifest such as diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, constipation, allergies and asthma, fatigue and hypoglycemia.

Any kind of stressor will set our stress response mechanism in motion, though it will largely depend upon the biochemical status of the individual whether the heart, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, brain or other organ will suffer. In the body, as in a chain, the weakest link breaks down under chronic stress, although all parts are equally exposed to it.

Illustration above: The Human Function Curve, Nixon 1982 (Yerkes-Dodson Curve 1908)

The Human Function Curve (Nixon, 1982) illustrates that increased stress results in increased performance — up to a point, after which things go rapidly downhill. However, that point or peak differs for each of us, so you need to be sensitive to the early warning symptoms and signs that suggest a stress overload is starting to push you over the hump. Such signals differ for each of us and can be so subtle that they are often ignored until it is too late. Not infrequently, the people closest to you may be aware that you are headed for trouble, even before you are aware of it.

As an analogy, let's look at the stress response from a global financial system perspective. We can all agree the world's financial system is in crisis (the alarm stage of stress). The stressors that are causing this crisis are the result of an imbalance. Most of the wealth is owned by a very few, disrupting homeostasis in our world financial systems. This imbalance causes resistance (the resistance stage of stress). If the system does not recover quick enough, there is adaptation (adaptation stage of stress), where people temporarily adapt to living with the inequalities. If inequality continues, eventually those without adequate finances will end up with too little to survive. The result for them is financial collapse (exhaustion stage of stress).

This correlation can easily be applied to the imbalances and toxic burdens being placed on Earth's natural ecosystems. Without homeostasis there is distress. Without recovery there is collapse. This is a somber illustration of the nonspecific stress response. It applies at all levels, from the cellular to the universal. It is Nature's law of balance.

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I have no money, no resources, no hopes. I am the happiest man alive. Henry Miller (1891 – 1980)

Working to Hard?

Data collected from hTMA show us that, regardless of age or demographics, most of us are experiencing some stage of exhaustion. This sheds new light on why people might seek out stressful experiences, because the stress-response excites biochemistry which creates false energy.

Another somewhat socially sensitive factor, is our low opinion of what we consider "lazy behavior." Responsible people are hard workers. So, we all work very hard. This too is stressful and wears us out.

In ‘developed’ nations we have high expectations for our lifestyle. But because wages haven't kept up with inflation (for decades) meeting our expectations is increasingly more expensive. Most young people are unable to purchase a home, and the cost of rent continues to rise. So, we redouble our efforts.

One of capitalism's most durable myths is that it has reduced human toil. This is false. In the mid-nineteenth century, before capitalism, most people did not work very long hours at all. The tempo of life was slow, even leisurely; the pace of work relaxed. Our ancestors may not have been rich, but they had an abundance of leisure. When capitalism raised their incomes, it also took away their time. The Overworked American: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure, by Juliet B. Schor

• Pre-industrial Workers had Shorter Workweek Juliet B. Schor

Zen Road to Affluence

Hunter-gatherer societies were able to achieve affluence by desiring little, and meeting their needs with what was available. They were the original affluent society. They felt secure because satisfying their needs was accomplished easily (three to five-hour work day).

The 21st century's market economy enjoys vast material wealth and technical power — yet a billion people are starving. We struggle to bridge the gap between our unlimited wants, and insufficient means. Scarcity and anxiety define the modern economy.

• Hunter-gatherers: Insights from a Golden Affluent Age Marshall Sahlins
• Original Affluent Society

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Enjoying the Benefit of Eustress, Avoiding the Harm of Distress

Understand that stress is a fundamental component of life. Positive stressors can make us faster, better and stronger and lead us to higher accomplishments. The emerging field of psychoneuroimmunology is clarifying the relationship between stress and its physiological effects on the body. So the question is, how can we manage the stressors in life to minimize distress?

It is not what we have, but what we enjoy, that constitutes our abundance. Epicurus

While not everyone can agree on a clinical definition of stress, experimental and clinical research confirms that the sense of having little or no control is always distressful. UK researchers analyzed 13 existing European studies covering nearly 200,000 people and found "job strain" was linked to a 23% increased risk of heart attacks and deaths from heart disease. (Kivmaki, 2012)

You just can't overlook the incredible stress and emphasis on achievement that we have in our [American] culture. Stress by itself can raise cholesterol levels. For example, accountants near tax time have higher cholesterol levels. It isn't their diet. It is that cholesterol is needed to produce anti-stress hormones. For example, the Japanese have very little hypertension. Yet, when they come to America and adopt our ways, they develop hypertension. Everyone assumes it is the American diet that causes such a high incidence of high blood pressure. They overlook our highly stressful, competitive lifestyle. In my view, this lifestyle - by itself - can cause almost any disease. Dr. Paul Eck

To ensure meeting the needs of the entire individual, holistic nurses promote the concept of the ‘mind-body’ connection. Mind-body therapies such as meditation, imagery, therapeutic touch, humor and relaxation techniques are all methods of coping with stress. These therapies help to promote self-control and positive well-being (Lorentz 2006). Counseling to help people examine what provides fulfillment and to implement lifestyle changes that help provide a sense of control are also helpful. A Mayo Clinic study showed that having a positive outlook increases life span, lowers stress and allows individuals to cope better during times of hardship. In other words, a positive, low-stress lifestyle can work miracles.

Worry and stress affects the circulation, the heart, the glands, the whole nervous system, and profoundly affects heart action. Charles W. Mayo

However, mind-body therapies will only provide temporary relief when underlying mineral patterns keep you in a state of alarm or a state of exhaustion at the biochemical level (despite your best efforts to "think positive"). Distress results when there is an absence of homeostasis, or balance (Wisneski, 2005). If your biochemistry is out of balance, you can meditate all you want, but you will still be out of balance biochemically, and thus, in distress. Additionally, heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and mercury are found everywhere in our environment, we are all exposed. Excessive heavy metal body burdens have been well proven to cause adverse emotional changes and neurological impairment (Watts, 1990).

Of course living a life filled with successful, fulfilling efforts goes a long way in helping you to experience the stress of life without distress. Unfortunately, this is not enough. Even successful apparently happy people can have biological stress-response activity at the cellular level. If you have mineral pattern imbalances due to nutrient deficiencies or toxic body-burden, biochemically, distress response activity will result — whether or not you feel unstressed at the surface.

Subliminal Stress Response

The following excerpt is from Electromagnetic Fields by B. Blake Levitt (p.128-130). It describes how subliminal stress affects animals (including humans) even when they are unaware that they are stressed.

• The Lost Art of Concentration: Being Distracted in a Digital World Harriet Griffey

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Using hTMA to Assess Biochemical Status and Progress

We can see from HTMA mineral patterns the effect of stress on nutritional status, which we can then provide specific and individualized therapy to counteract the effect of chronic stress or distress.

You can accurately analyze how well your biochemistry is responding to stress with hTMA. hTMA has a long history of use as a scientific tool in zoological and anthropological research, evolutionary biology, and paleontology. Also, hTMA is the preferred by biomonitoring agencies around the world for heavy-metal toxicity testing and monitoring because of its accuracy, safety and cost-effectiveness.

A medical practitioner with clinical hTMA experience is able to assess a patient's metabolic status and toxic burden by analyzing tissue mineral levels and ratios. An accurate model of an individual's neuroendocrine function and their ability to respond to stress can be then be formulated.

The autonomic endocrine system controls or influences every chemical process in the body, including assimilation and utilization of nutrients. Dr. Melvin Page (1894-1983)

• Nutrition and the Neuroendocrine Web David L. Watts, Ph.D

hTMA Lab Report Interpretation

Computer generated lab results are based on standardized algorithms an often require professional interpretation. Each person is unique, so lab recommendations often need modification based on an the patient's medical history.

Proper interpretation of a hTMA report is quite complex. It requires clinical hTMA experience and involves understanding the patterns, levels, and ratios between pairs of minerals. From a psychological perspective, there is a correlation between the the stress response and the hTMA data. For example, a high sodium/potassium ratio indicates a chronic alarm state of the stress response, or a sympathetic dominant state. This usually is associated with intense or chronic distress, fear, anger, inflammation, water retention, and weight gain.

• Trace Mineral Analysis and Psychoneuroimmunology

The mineral patterns identified through hTMA indicate the effects of stressors also. This information can be useful for clinicians who can prescribe a combination of targeted nutritional supplements and dietary recommendations. Providing the body with proper nutritional support is beneficial, particularly for increasing the resiliency needed for managing stress.

In biology, there are clearly identified metabolic relationships and communications between cells, tissues, organs and other systems within the body. Adequate and proper interaction between these systems is affected by the health and functional ability of the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system. This balance not only affects individual nutritional status, but also impacts the communication efficiency between these important interdependent systems.

There is no longer any real controversy over whether nutrients can affect behavior. Richard J. Wurtman

Proper interpretation of hTMA mineral patterns provides clinicians with useful information about the metabolic communication between the cells, tissues, organs and various systems. A person's sympathetic-parasympathetic relationship provides information about current health status and insight about health trends (predictive medicine). Equipped with this knowledge, preemptive steps can be taken to prevent negative consequences (instead of treating symptomatically as they arise). When the body's integrated systems perform at their ideal levels, human biology responds with robust immunity, stamina and resilience.

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Multi-level Stress Management for Recovery

Chemicals released by bacteria in the gut seem to influence how mice recover from fear — an ability linked to chronic anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. Mice that were trained that a certain sound meant a painful shock were able to forget the association after some time with a painless version of the tone. But mice treated with antibiotics to wipe out the microbiome were never able to get over the learned fear. When researchers looked closer, the bacteria-free mice had changes to their brains and different chemicals flooding their bodies. David Artis, Immunologist and Microbiologist, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York

Successful stress management requires a multi-level approach that should include;

1. Nutritional Support: The first response to life's various stressors occurs at the cellular-level, therefore properly supporting your biochemistry is crucial. Without the correct nutrition to help your brain to function better, it can be difficult to implement these life changes.
2. Physical Exercise: Physical movement is essential, find ways to integrate health-building movement strategies into daily life. It does not need to be strenuous exercise, a pleasant walk is one of the most beneficial forms of exercise.
3. Psychological Approaches: Replacing fear with hope goes a long way towards manifest happiness. There are practical reasons to be hopeful, consider how you discover a new idea that improves your life in some way. It happens all the time. People create products and services that solve problems and improve lives everyday. As the Buddha reminds us, "it could be worse." Choose positive thoughts over negative thoughts, find meaningful work. Spiritual growth is helpful for many, whether this is accomplished through participation in religious activity or the study of the universe and quantum mechanics.
4. Behavior Modification: Avoid the activities, individuals and situations that aggravate, upset or harm you (listening to the news, for example). Replace choices that harm health with choices that are beneficial.

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Conclusion

Biochemically, stress is a complex balancing-act between the autonomic nervous system's parasympathetic and sympathetic activities. Generally speaking, healing requires you to be in a parasympathetic dominant state, while any "fight or flight" like behavior depends on sympathetic dominance.

Decades of hTMA research has led to significant advancements in the understanding of mineral interrelationships and their biological effects. We know that nutritional deficiencies diminish functional capacity of many different cell types. In fact, both under-nutrition and over-nutrition can alter immune responsiveness (Chandra, 1977). Clinical hTMA can be used to assess both absolute deficiencies (mineral levels below ideal) and relative deficiencies (imbalanced mineral ratios of synergistic elements).

Your ability to cope with stress and even benefit from it, is determined by how well your body manages stress. Healthy function of the body's endocrine system is an important aspect to stress management. When biochemical balance is correct and your metabolic demands are met, you can respond to stress in a healthy way. Eustress is what drives us to pursue activities that are rewarding and fulfilling, meaningful endeavors that energize you naturally. Having the physical and mental capacity to manage stress successfully is transformational.

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Resources

Related

• Depression, Suicide, Violence
• Unlocking Human Performance
• Your Brain on Stress

Download

• Gut microbes affect function of nerve cells important for overcoming fear, chronic anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder.
• Stress, hTMA Patterns and the HPA Axis Dr. David Watts
• Stress - General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Dr. David Watts
• The Science Behind PTSD Symptoms: How Trauma Changes The Brain
• The Adrenal-Heart Connection Tom Cowan
• Core Concepts in the Science of Early Childhood Development Center on the Developing Child - Harvard University

Video

• How childhood trauma affects health across a lifetime TED Talk (15 min.) Pediatrician Nadine Burke Harris
• Toxic Stress (2 min.) Center on the Developing Child - Harvard University

Website

• ACEs Adverse Childhood Experiences
• ACEs Too High Research about adverse childhood experiences.
• ACEs Too High - Questionnaire 10 questions and what your results mean.
• PICS Post-intensive Care Syndrome
• Toxic Stress Center on the Developing Child - Harvard University
• Human Function Curve Dr. Rajiv Desai
• Optimizing Breathing Chemistry
• Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) U.S. CDC
• Thrive Centers Live Happier - Blue Zones

Book

• The Hacking of the American Mind Robert Lustig, MD

References

• Chandra, R. K. (1977) Nutrition, Immunity and Infection: Mechanisms of Interaction, Plenum Press, New York.
• Kivmaki, et al. (2012) Jon Strain as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data, The Lancet, Volume 380, Issue 9852.
• Lorentz, M. M. (2006) Stress and Psychoneuroimmunology Revisited: Using mind-body interventions to reduce stress, Alternative Journal of Nursing July 2006, Issue 11.
• Nixon, P.G. (1982) The human function curve - a paradigm for our times.
• Thornton, L.M (2006) Psychoneuroimmunology examined: The role of subjective stress, Cellscience 2006.
• Watts, D. L. (1990). Stress, TEI Newsletter, May/June.
• Watts, D. L. (1990). Trace Elements and Neuropsychological Problems as Reflected in Tissue Mineral Analysis Patterns, Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine Vol. 5, No. 3, 1990.
• Wisneski, L.A. & Anderson, L. (2005). The Scientific Basis of Integrative Medicine. Boca Raton, LA: CRC Press.
• Wurtman, R.J (1982) Research Strategies for Assessing the Behavioral Effects of Food and Nutrients: Proceedings of the Conference of the Center for Brain Sciences and Metabolism Charitable Trust: Held at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA on 9 November 1982.

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